The role of religiosity and spirituality in interpersonal violence: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives: Religiosity and spirituality (R/S) have been negatively associated with several mental health problems, including delinquency. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between R/S and interpersonal violence using a systematic review. Methods: We conducted a descriptive systematic review followed by meta-analyses using seven different databases. We included observational studies that assessed the relationship between R/S and different types of interpersonal violence (physical and sexual aggression and domestic violence). Results: A total of 16,599 articles were screened in the databases and, after applying the eligibility criteria, 67 were included in the systematic review and 43 were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that higher levels of R/S were significantly associated with decreased physical and sexual aggression, but not domestic violence. All selected studies evidenced sufficient methodological quality, with 26.8% being cohort studies. In the subanalyses, the role of R/S was more prevalent among adolescents. Conclusion: There is an inverse relationship between R/S and physical and sexual aggression, suggesting a protective role. However, these results were not observed for domestic violence. Healthcare professionals and managers should be aware of their patients' beliefs when investigating interpersonal violence to create tailored interventions for reducing violent behavior.

Ethical support to psychiatry residents: a report of a Brazilian ethics consultation group

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: It is not uncommon for medical residents to deal with critically ill patients who frequently show several ethical and human dilemmas, highlighting the need for a consultation with ethical specialists. The objective of this article is to present a description of a Brazilian Ethics Consultation group designed to attend psychiatry residents. METHODS: This article reports a case of a critically ill patient with Borderline Personality Disorder with multiple intervention failures and several ethical conflicts who was seen by a resident and supported by an ethics consultation group. RESULTS: When medical residents and medical staff face severe and unusual ethical dilemmas, they might feel unprepared and have ones' mental health impaired. Thus, this article reports a successful ethics consultation and discusses its development in other academic institutions. CONCLUSION: Medical educators and staff from academic hospitals should pay attention to the needs of the medical residents. The development and support of ethics consultation groups must be provided to fulfill the need of those residents who face serious ethical and human dilemmas.

The root of the problem: identifying major sources of stress in Brazilian medical students and developing the Medical Student Stress Factor Scale

Objectives: To investigate the most common sources of stress faced by medical students and the degree to which different stressors impact their lives. As a secondary objective, a new instrument, Medical Student Stress Factor Scale (MSSF), was developed based on these stressors. Methods: The MSSF was applied to 431 medical students. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale was administered to investigate the relationship between these stressors and the students' mental health. Results: The five greatest stressors were the extensive content, lack of time to study, sleep deprivation, excessive self-pressure for good grades, and lack of leisure time. The MSSF showed good psychometric characteristics, resulting in a 28-item scale with five subscales. The Relationships and Health subscales were associated with depressive symptoms; Relationships, Health, and Learning Environment/Academic Performance were associated with anxiety symptoms, while Health, and Learning Environment/Academic Performance were associated with stress symptoms. Conclusions: Our study presents important data about the most important stressors that affect medical students' lives and cause mental health issues. The factors are generally related to academic performance and the learning environment and should be targeted in future interventions.

Do different pedagogical conceptions result in different quality of life levels?

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE The present study aims to compare medical students' quality of life (QoL) at two Brazilian institutions with different pedagogical conceptions. METHODS We studied students during the first four years of medical school at two institutions (one using active methodologies and small groups and the other using traditional lectures and large groups). We used a demographic questionnaire and the WHOQOL-BREF. RESULTS 820 medical students were included. No significant differences in quality of life were found in general, nor while evaluating the course phase, except for the physical WHOQOL, which was lower for 2nd-year students at the institution with traditional lectures, even when adjusted for gender. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed that, despite having very distinct pedagogical conceptions and characteristics, there were no significant differences in medical students' QoL scores between both institutions. These results are surprising and differ from our initial hypothesis, which expected better QoL for those using more active and student-centered methods.

RESUMO OBJETIVO O presente estudo tem como objetivo comparar a qualidade de vida (QV) de estudantes de medicina de duas instituições brasileiras com diferentes concepções pedagógicas. MÉTODOS Estudo comparativo incluindo estudantes do 1o ao 4o ano do curso de medicina de duas instituições no Brasil (uma usando metodologias ativas e pequenos grupos e a outra aulas expositivas tradicionais e grandes grupos). Utilizou-se um questionário demográfico e o instrumento WHOQOL-Bref. RESULTADOS Foram incluídos 820 estudantes de medicina. Nenhuma diferença significativa na qualidade de vida foi encontrada no geral e na avaliação por fase do curso, com exceção do WHOQOL físico, que mostrou ser mais baixo para os estudantes da da instituição com aulas tradicionais, mesmo quando ajustado para o gênero. CONCLUSÃO Nossos achados revelaram que apesar de terem concepções e características pedagógicas bem distintas, não se observaram diferenças significativas nos escores de QV dos estudantes de medicina das duas instituições. Esses resultados são surpreendentes e diferem da nossa principal hipótese, uma vez que esperávamos uma melhora de QV para aqueles que usam métodos mais ativos e centrados no estudante.

Current status of Brazilian interprofessional education: a national survey comparing physical therapy and medical schools

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES To investigate how many Brazilian medical and physical therapy schools have initiatives and courses related to IPE in their curricula, assessing the barriers and factors associated with their implementation and comparing the differences between both programs. METHODS This nationwide survey was carried out in 2017 and included representatives of all physical therapy and medical schools in Brasil. Offers of interprofessional activities and related opinions and barriers were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 76 (33.9%) of the medical and 159 (41.4%) of the physical therapy schools answered the questionnaires. At least 68.4% of the medical schools and 79.2% of the physical therapy schools have IPE initiatives, although the number of mandatory courses and clerkships is still low. Despite recognizing IPE's importance in health education, school representatives see the lack of integration of programs, conflicting schedules, and the lack of institutional support as barriers. In physical therapy, there is a smaller perception of barriers and greater incorporation of mandatory programs in the curriculum. CONCLUSION These results will help in the development of future interventions that can enhance IPE in curricula in developing countries.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS Investigar quantas escolas médicas e de fisioterapia brasileiras possuem iniciativas e cursos relacionados à EIP nos currículos, avaliando as barreiras e fatores associados com essa implementação e comparando as diferenças entre esses dois cursos. MÉTODOS Essa pesquisa nacional foi conduzida em 2017 e incluiu representantes das escolas médicas e de fisioterapia no Brasil. As ofertas de atividades interprofissionais, assim como as opiniões e barreiras para implementação, foram avaliadas. RESULTADOS Um total de 76 (33,9%) escolas médicas e 159 (41.4%) escolas de fisioterapia respondeu aos questionários. Pelo menos 68,4% das escolas médicas e 79,2% das escolas de fisioterapia possuem iniciativas de EIP, embora o número de cursos obrigatórios e estágios ainda seja baixo. Apesar de reconhecer a importância da EIP na educação em saúde, os representantes das escolas percebem como barreiras a falta de integração entre os cursos, associada a cronogramas incompatíveis e uma falta de suporte institucional. Na fisioterapia, existe menor percepção de barreiras e uma grande incorporação de cursos obrigatórios no currículo. CONCLUSÃO Esses resultados auxiliarão no desenvolvimento de futuras intervenções que promovam a EIP no currículo dos países em desenvolvimento.

Mapping scientific research on the negative aspects of the medical school learning environment

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: We sought to understand the landscape of published articles regarding medical schools' learning environments (LE) worldwide, with an explicit focus on potentially harmful aspects of the LE as an effort to identify areas specifically in need of remediation or intervention that could prevent future unprofessional behaviors, burnout, violence and mistreatment among students and physicians. METHODS: A bibliometric analysis was conducted in six electronic databases (PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, ERIC-ProQuest, and PsycINFO) up to December 31, 2016, including 12 themes: learning environment - general, hidden curriculum (harmful), unethical behaviors, bullying/hazing, violence, sexual discrimination, homophobia, racism, social discrimination, minorities discrimination, professional misconduct, and other negative aspects. RESULTS: Of the 9,338 articles found, 710 met the inclusion criteria. The most common themes were general LE (233 articles), unprofessional behaviors (91 articles), and sexual discrimination (80 articles). Approximately 80% of articles were published in the 21st century. CONCLUSION: There is a definite increase in scientific articles on negative aspects of the medical school LE in high-quality journals, especially in the 21st century. However, more studies are needed to investigate negative LE aspects with greater attention to experimental, longitudinal, and cross-cultural study designs.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Buscou-se entender o panorama dos artigos publicados sobre os ambientes de aprendizagem (AA) das escolas médicas em todo o mundo, com um foco explícito nos aspectos potencialmente negativos do AA como um esforço para identificar áreas especificamente necessitadas de remediação ou intervenção que poderiam evitar futuros comportamentos não profissionais, violência e maus-tratos entre estudantes e médicos. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma análise bibliométrica em seis bases de dados eletrônicas (PubMed / Medline, Web of Science, Biblioteca Cochrane, SCOPUS, ERIC-ProQuest e PsycINFO) até 31 de dezembro de 2016, incluindo 12 temas: ambiente de aprendizagem - geral, currículo oculto (negativo), comportamentos antiéticos, bullying/trote, violência, discriminação sexual, homofobia, racismo, discriminação social, discriminação de minorias, má conduta profissional e "outros" aspectos negativos. RESULTADOS: Dos 9.338 artigos encontrados, 710 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Os temas mais comuns foram LE geral (233 artigos), comportamentos não profissionais (91 artigos) e discriminação sexual (80 artigos). Aproximadamente 80% dos artigos foram publicados no século XXI. CONCLUSÃO: Há um claro aumento em artigos científicos sobre aspectos negativos da escola de medicina LE em periódicos de alta qualidade, especialmente no século XXI. No entanto, mais estudos são necessários para investigar aspectos negativos do LE com maior atenção aos desenhos de estudos experimentais, longitudinais e transculturais.

Mapping the scientific research on the negative aspects of the medical school learning environment

SUMMARY Objective: We sought to understand the landscape of published articles regarding medical schools' learning environments (LE) worldwide, with an explicit focus on potentially negative aspects of the LE as an effort to identify areas specifically in need of remediation or intervention that could prevent future unprofessional behaviours, burnout, violence and mistreatment among students and physicians. Methods: A bibliometric analysis was conducted in six electronic databases (PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, ERIC-ProQuest and PsycINFO) through December 31, 2016, including 12 themes: learning environment - general, hidden curriculum (negative), unethical behaviours, bullying/hazing, violence, sexual discrimination, homophobia, racism, social discrimination, minorities' discrimination, professional misconduct, and "other" negative aspects. Results: Of 9,338 articles found, 710 met the inclusion criteria. The most common themes were general LE (233 articles), unprofessional behaviours (91 articles), and sexual discrimination (80 articles). Approximately 80% of articles were published in the 21st century. Conclusion: There is a clear increase in scientific articles on negative aspects of the medical school LE in high-quality journals, especially in the 21st century. However, more studies are needed to investigate negative LE aspects with greater attention paid to experimental, longitudinal, and cross-cultural study designs.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Buscou-se entender o panorama dos artigos publicados sobre os ambientes de aprendizagem (AA) das escolas médicas em todo o mundo, com um foco explícito nos aspectos potencialmente negativos do AA como um esforço para identificar áreas específicamente necessitadas de remediação ou intervenção que poderiam evitar futuros comportamentos não profissionais, violência e maus-tratos entre estudantes e médicos. Métodos: Foi realizada uma análise bibliométrica em seis bases de dados eletrônicas (PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Biblioteca Cochrane, Scopus, Eric-ProQuest e PsycInfo) até 31 de dezembro de 2016, incluindo 12 temas: ambiente de aprendizagem - geral, currículo oculto (negativo), comportamentos antiéticos, bullying/trote, violência, discriminação sexual, homofobia, racismo, discriminação social, discriminação de minorias, má conduta profissional e "outros" aspectos negativos. Resultados: Dos 9.338 artigos encontrados, 710 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Os temas mais comuns foram LE geral (233 artigos), comportamentos não profissionais (91 artigos) e discriminação sexual (80 artigos). Aproximadamente 80% dos artigos foram publicados no século XXI. Conclusão: Há um claro aumento em artigos científicos sobre aspectos negativos da escola de medicina LE em periódicos de alta qualidade, especialmente no século XXI. No entanto, mais estudos são necessários para investigar aspectos negativos do LE com maior atenção aos desenhos de estudos experimentais, longitudinais e transculturais.

Comparison of students' motivation at different phases of medical school

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Knowledge about student motivation allows educators to broaden their understanding and to establish strategies that make it possible to enhance motivation. OBJECTIVES To investigate the levels of student motivation at different phases of medical education, comparing incoming students' motivation with that of those at the end of their studies, as well as during the different preclinical, clinical, and clerkship cycles. METHOD: Cross-sectional study including students from a Brazilian public university. The questionnaire included sociodemographic data and the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS). Student motivation was compared at different phases of the medical course. RESULTS: 710 students were included. Students in the preclinical phase (1st-2nd years) had higher levels of integrated regulation AMS (e.g.,"Education is a privilege."), introjected regulation AMS (e.g."I come because it is what is expected of me."), and intrinsic motivation AMS (e.g."School is a pleasure"). Students in the clinical phase (3rd-4th years) had higher levels of amotivation (e.g., "I'm wasting my time at school.") and external regulation AMS (e.g., "I'm coming to school to earn a degree"). AMS levels of external regulation, introjected relation, and integrated regulation were different for Clerkship students (5th-6th years) compared to preclinical students, but not for clinical students. Comparing only the first and last years, incoming students had higher levels of integrated regulation AMS and lower levels of amotivation AMS and external regulation AMS. CONCLUSION: Important motivational changes were found during different phases of medical school, with higher levels of motivation during the course's initial semesters. These findings can aid in developing educational strategies to stimulate self-determined education.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: O conhecimento sobre a motivação dos estudantes possibilita aos educadores ampliar sua compreensão e estabelecer estratégias que possam potencializá-la. OBJETIVOS: Investigar a motivação do estudante em diferentes momentos da formação médica, comparando-se a motivação de alunos ingressantes e do final do curso, assim como nas diferentes fases pré-clínica, clínica e internato. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal incluindo estudantes de uma universidade pública brasileira. O questionário incluiu dados sociodemográficos e a Escala de Motivação Acadêmica (EMA). A motivação dos estudantes foi comparada nas diferentes fases do curso. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 710 estudantes de medicina. Houve diferenças significantes entre a motivação nas diferentes fases do curso de medicina. Estudantes nas fase pré-clínica (1o e 2o anos) possuíam maiores níveis de EMA regulação integrada (e.g. "Educação é um privilégio"), EMA regulação introjetada (e.g. "venho porque é isso que esperam de mim") e EMA motivação intrínseca (e.g. "universidade é um prazer"). já estudantes da fase clínica (3o e 4o anos) possuíam maiores níveis de EMA desmotivação (e.g. "estou perdendo meu tempo na universidade") e EMA regulação externa (e.g. "venho à universidade para conseguir o diploma"). Os estudantes do internato (5o e 6o anos) obtiveram resultados não significantes em relação ao período clínico, mas diferentes em relação ao pré-clínico na EMA regulação externa, EMA regulação introjetada e EMA regulação Integrada. Comparando-se apenas o primeiro com o último semestre do curso, os alunos ingressantes possuíam maiores níveis de EMA regulação integrada e menores níveis de EMA desmotivação e EMA regulação externa. CONCLUSÃO: Foram encontradas mudanças motivacionais importantes entre as diferentes fases da formação médica, tendo maiores níveis de motivação nos períodos iniciais do curso. Esses achados podem auxiliar o desenvolvimento de estratégias educacionais que estimulem a educação autodeterminada.

Trends and disparities in the use of cholinesterase inhibitors to treat Alzheimer's disease dispensed by the Brazilian public health system - 2008 to 2014: a nation-wide analysis / Tendência e desigualdade no uso de anticolinesterásicos para tratamento de doença de Alzheimer dispensados pelo sistema de saúde público do Brasil - 2008 e 2014: uma análise nacional

ABSTRACT In light of the high cost of dementia treatment, there is legislation authorizing free distribution of cholinesterase inhibitors to those suffering from Alzheimer's disease in Brazil. However, the existence of this free distribution does not guarantee adequate distribution. Objectives The present study aimed to investigate the trends of prescriptions and the coverage of Alzheimer's disease treatment using cholinesterase inhibitors from public pharmacies dispensing high-cost drugs in Brazil. Methods This was a retrospective study that collected data from the Brazilian public Unified Health System. All cholinesterase inhibitors distributed at no cost to Brazilians during the year 2014, as well as the estimated number and percentages of patients who used these medications, were evaluated and compared to data from the year 2008. Results Our estimates indicated that 9.7% of the population having dementia syndromes used cholinesterase inhibitors, as well as 16.1% of those with Alzheimer's disease in Brazil. A clear disparity was noted between the use and distribution of cholinesterase inhibitors, depending on the region in which they were found. Over time, an increase in the distribution of cholinesterase inhibitors has been noted. In 2008, that use was 12.0% whereas, in 2014, it was 16.1%, an increase of 34% in six years. Conclusion It was estimated that 16.1% of patients with Alzheimer's disease in Brazil use cholinesterase inhibitors. These values have increased and, in spite of not being satisfactory, they indicate a potential for improvement. However, there is still a significant disparity among the regions.

RESUMO Devido ao custo alto de tratamento, existe uma legislação autorizando a distribuição sem custo de anticolinesterásicos para pacientes com doença de Alzheimer no Brasil. Entretanto, a existência dessa distribuição gratuita nem sempre garante uma distribuição adequada. Objetivos O presente estudo objetiva investigar a distribuição e desigualdades no uso de anticolinesterásicos (AChE) dispensados pelo Sistema de Saúde Público do Brasil. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo que coletou dados do Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro. Foram avaliados todos os anticolinesterásicos distribuídos sem custo no Brasil durante o ano de 2014, assim como o número estimado e a porcentagem de pacientes que usavam essa medicação. Esses dados foram comparados com o ano de 2008. Resultados Estima-se que 9,7% da população que possui síndromes demenciais usa anticolinesterásicos, assim como 16,1% dos pacientes com doença de Alzheimer. Uma clara desigualdade entre o uso e a distribuição dos anticolinesterásicos foi encontrada, variando de acordo com a região. Houve um aumento na distribuição de anticolinesterásicos ao longo do tempo. Em 2008, o uso era de 12% e, em 2014, foi de 16,1%, resultando em um aumento de 34% em 6 anos. Conclusão Estima-se que 16,1% dos pacientes com doença de Alzheimer no Brasil usam anticolinesterásicos. Esses valores tiveram um aumento e, embora ainda não sejam satisfatórios, eles indicam um potencial de melhora. Entretanto, ainda foi evidenciada uma significante desigualdade entre as regiões.

Religiousness is associated with lower levels of anxiety, but not depression, in medical and nursing students

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between religious and spiritual beliefs, anxiety and depression in medical and nursing students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with medical and nursing students from a Brazilian university. Students were randomly selected and filled out a questionnaire that contained sociodemographic, religious (Duke Religion Index), spirituality (Self-spirituality rating scale) and mental health - depression and anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) data. Linear regression models were used to evaluate the association of R/E with mental health, with adjustments for sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: A total of 187 students (90.7%) were included in the study, 56.1% female, an average of 23 years old, and 69% were enrolled in the medical program. Of the students, 29.4% attended religious services once a week or more often, 10.7% had private religious activities once a day or more often, and the indexes of intrinsic religiosity and spirituality were moderate. In the linear regression, adjusted for sociodemographic variables, the religious attendance was the only factor associated with lower levels of anxiety (Beta: −0.178, p=0.026). The other dimensions of religiousness or spirituality were not associated with levels of anxiety and depression. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that only the religious attendance was associated with the mental health of the medical and nursing students. These results demonstrate that some students use religious support in an attempt to minimize the negative effects of their university life. This support seems to be more effective when it involves participation in religious social activities in relation to private activities.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre crenças religiosas/espirituais, ansiedade e depressão em estudantes dos cursos de medicina e enfermagem. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com estudantes de medicina e enfermagem de uma universidade brasileira. Estudantes foram sorteados de forma aleatória e preencheram um questionário que continha dados sociodemográficos, de religiosidade (Duke Religion Index), espiritualidade (Self-spirituality rating scale) e saúde mental - depressão e ansiedade (Hospital Anxietyand Depression Scale). Foram usados modelos de regressão linear para avaliar a associação de R/E com saúde mental ajustando para as variáveis sociodemográficas. RESULTADOS: Um total de 187 estudantes abordados (90,7%) foi incluído no estudo, sendo 56,1% do sexo feminino, média de 23 anos de idade e 69% fazendo parte do curso de medicina. Dos estudantes, 29,4% frequentavam serviços religiosos uma vez ou mais por semana, 10,7% realizavam atividades privadas religiosas uma ou mais vezes ao dia e os índices de religiosidade intrínseca e espiritualidade foram moderados. Na regressão linear, ajustada para variáveis sociodemográficas, a frequência religiosa foi a única que esteve associada a menores níveis de ansiedade (Beta: −0,178, p = 0,026). As demais dimensões de religiosidade ou espiritualidade não estiveram associadas a níveis de ansiedade e depressão. CONCLUSÕES: O presente estudo evidenciou que apenas a frequência religiosa esteve associada à saúde mental do estudante de medicina e enfermagem. Esses resultados demonstram que alguns estudantes utilizam suporte religioso na tentativa de minimizar os efeitos negativos de sua vida universitária. Esse suporte parece ser mais efetivo quando envolve a participação em atividades sociais religiosas em relação a atividades privadas.

Ensino de "saúde e espiritualidade" na graduação em medicina e outros cursos da área de saúde / Teaching "spirituality and health" in medical and healthcare undergraduate courses

Introdução: Paralelamente ao avanço da interface "Saúde e espiritualidade" (E/R) no campo de pesquisa, há um crescimento no ensino dessa temática em universidades brasileiras e internacionais. Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo é fornecer um panorama do ensino de temas relacionados a "saúde e espiritualidade" na graduação em saúde no mundo, com particular enfoque na educação médica brasileira. Material e Métodos: Revisão narrativa baseada na busca em bases de dados nacionais e internacionais, assim como na experiência dos autores. Resultados: Nas últimas décadas houve um crescimento importante na área de ensino em E/R, com um nítido predomínio de países de língua inglesa. Países como Estados Unidos, Canadá e Reino Unido apresentam-se com destaque tanto em pesquisa como no ensino da temática, sendo que as diretrizes seguidas mundialmente partem predominantemente do continente norte-americano. No Brasil, encontramos estudos que abordam a temática na educação médica Brasileira, com um predomínio marcante de estudos transversais abordando professores e estudantes de medicina. A maioria das escolas brasileiras ainda não possui uma inserção consistente da temática na grade curricular, apesar de um levantamento recente mostrar a existência de quarenta e cinco ligas acadêmicas de saúde e espiritualidade pelo Brasil. Conclusão: O tripé acadêmico de pesquisa, ensino e extensão é de vital importância para a produção e disseminação de novos conhecimentos. Na área de E/R não é diferente, com a literatura nacional e internacional mostrando não apenas um crescimento do interesse, mas também do número de escolas médicas que estão inserindo a temática nas bancadas de graduação. Importante para o futuro que o ensino não seja focado apenas no conteúdo teórico, mas que sejam formados profissionais capacitados para lidar com as questões E/R na prática clínica diária

Introduction: In parallel with the advancement of the interface "Health and spirituality" (S/R) in the research field, there is a growth of this subject in Brazilian and international universities. Objective: The objective of this article is to provide a panorama of the teaching of topics related to S/R in Brazilian and international health education, focusing in Brazilian medical schools. Material and Methods: Narrative review using national and international databases, as well as on the authors' experiences. Results: On last decades there is a growth on the field of teaching S/R, with a clear predominance of English-speaking countries. United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom present themselves as a the most prominent countries both on teaching and researching and most of guidelines come from North American continent. In Brazil, we found some studies addressing S/R in Brazilian medical education, with a marked predominance of cross-sectional studies with teachers and medical students. Most of the Brazilian medical schools does not yet present a consistent insertion of the subject on formal curriculum, even though a recent data shows the existence of forty-five academic student groups studying S/R throughout Brazil. Conclusion: The university areas of research, teaching and extension is of vital importance for the production and dissemination of new knowledges. In the area of S/R this is not different, with the national and international literature showing not only a growth of interest, but also in the number of medical schools including the theme in graduation setting. Important to stress that the future teaching should not focus only on theoretical content but also in preparing students able to deal with S/R issues in daily clinical practice.

Geographical distribution of medical graduates from a public university / Distribuição geográfica e trajetória dos médicos egressos de instituição pública

Summary Objective: To evaluate the geographic distribution and career trajectory of medical graduates and the factors associated with their choice of practice location. Method: A cross-sectional study involving graduates from December 2001 to December 2010 was conducted. A self-administered questionnaire collected demographics and geographic information (place of birth, place of residence at the time of medical school admission, place of residency training and practice location), and reason for choosing the current location. Statistical analyses assessed trends in geographic distribution of graduates, and identified factors associated with location choice (through the population density of the location chosen for professional practice). Results: A total of 563 graduates completed the questionnaire. Of those, 4.3% (n=24) reported family medicine as their medical specialty, 19.9% (n=112) reported other primary care specialties (internal medicine, pediatrics, surgery and obstetrics-gynecology) and the others chose subspecialties. Larger cities were more likely to be chosen for practice, particularly for newly-graduated doctors. Job invitations received during medical residency training increased the likelihood of choosing high-populated cities. In contrast, job invitations received during medical school increased the likelihood of choosing cities less populated. Amongst those in cities with lower population density, proximity to family members was an additional influencing factor; those who chose more densely populated cities did so because of better infrastructure and recreational options. Conclusion: Most of the physicians included in this study pursue subspecialties training and were practicing medicine in large cities. Knowing the multiple factors that influenced the choice of practice location can assist in planning future strategies to reduce physician workforce misdistribution.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a distribuição geográfica e a trajetória dos médicos e fatores associados à escolha para o local da prática médica. Método: Estudo transversal envolvendo graduados entre 2001 a 2010, utilizando-se questionário autoaplicado com dados sociodemográficos, informações de localização geográfica (local de nascimento, local onde residia quando entrou na faculdade de medicina, local onde realizou a residência médica e local de prática profissional), e as razões para escolha do local de sua fixação. Análises estatísticas avaliaram as tendências da distribuição dos egressos e os fatores associados com a escolha do local para a prática médica. Resultados: 563 egressos completaram o questionário. Destes, 4,3% (n=24) eram médicos de família, 19,9% (n=112) tinham especialidades em grandes áreas (medicina interna, pediatria, cirurgia e ginecologia-obstetrícia), enquanto os outros escolheram subespecialidades. Houve predomínio da escolha de cidades de grande porte para a prática profissional. Convites para trabalhar recebidos durante a residência médica aumentaram a escolha de cidades de maior densidade populacional. Por outro lado, os convites recebidos durante a graduação influenciaram a escolha de cidades de mais baixa densidade populacional. Para estes últimos, a presença da família no local foi fator de influência, enquanto, para os que escolheram cidades de maior densidade populacional, os fatores de influência foram melhor infraestrutura e mais opções de diversão. Conclusão: A maioria dos médicos deste estudo fixou-se em grandes cidades e escolheu subespecialidades. Conhecer os múltiplos fatores que influenciaram a escolha do local para prática profissional pode auxiliar no planejamento de estratégias para reduzir a má distribuição do trabalho médico.

Depression, stress and anxiety in medical students: A cross-sectional comparison between students from different semesters

Summary Objective: To compare the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress in medical students from all semesters of a Brazilian medical school and assess their respective associated factors. Method: A cross-sectional study of students from the twelve semesters of a Brazilian medical school was carried out. Students filled out a questionnaire including sociodemographics, religiosity (DUREL - Duke Religion Index), and mental health (DASS-21 - Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale). The students were compared for mental health variables (Chi-squared/ANOVA). Linear regression models were employed to assess factors associated with DASS-21 scores. Results: 761 (75.4%) students answered the questionnaire; 34.6% reported depressive symptomatology, 37.2% showed anxiety symptoms, and 47.1% stress symptoms. Significant differences were found for: anxiety - ANOVA: [F = 2.536, p=0.004] between first and tenth (p=0.048) and first and eleventh (p=0.025) semesters; depression - ANOVA: [F = 2.410, p=0.006] between first and second semesters (p=0.045); and stress - ANOVA: [F = 2.968, p=0.001] between seventh and twelfth (p=0.044), tenth and twelfth (p=0.011), and eleventh and twelfth (p=0.001) semesters. The following factors were associated with (a) stress: female gender, anxiety, and depression; (b) depression: female gender, intrinsic religiosity, anxiety, and stress; and (c) anxiety: course semester, depression, and stress. Conclusion: Our findings revealed high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in medical students, with marked differences among course semesters. Gender and religiosity appeared to influence the mental health of the medical students.

Resumo Objetivo: Comparar a prevalência de ansiedade, depressão e estresse em estudantes de todos os períodos de graduação de medicina e avaliar os fatores associados. Método: Estudo transversal e comparativo, realizado com alunos dos seis anos (doze semestres) de um curso de medicina brasileiro. Os alunos preencheram um questionário com dados sociodemográficos e relacionados à religiosidade (Duke Religion Index) e à saúde mental (DASS-21 - Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale). Os estudantes dos 12 períodos do curso foram comparados quanto às variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e saúde mental por meio dos testes de Qui-quadrado ou ANOVA. Para avaliar os fatores associados a cada variável dependente (estresse, depressão e ansiedade), foram utilizados modelos de regressão linear. Resultados: Responderam ao questionário 743 (73,63%) dos 1.009 estudantes matriculados no curso de medicina, com 34,6% apresentando sintomatologia depressiva; 37,2%, sintomas de ansiedade; e 47,1%, estresse. Houve diferenças significantes entre os períodos em relação à ansiedade - ANOVA: (F = 2,536; p=0,004), sendo as diferenças entre o primeiro e o décimo período (p=0,048) e entre o primeiro e o décimo primeiro período (p=0,025); à depressão - ANOVA: (F = 2,410; p=0,006), sendo as diferenças entre o primeiro e o segundo período (p=0,045); e ao estresse - ANOVA: (F = 2,968; p=0,001), sendo as diferenças entre o sétimo e o décimo segundo período (p=0,044), entre o décimo e o décimo segundo (p=0,011) e entre o décimo primeiro e o décimo segundo (p=0,001). Estiveram associados (a) ao estresse: gênero feminino, ansiedade e depressão; (b) à depressão: gênero feminino, religiosidade intrínseca, ansiedade e estresse; (c) à ansiedade: semestre do curso, depressão e estresse. Conclusão: Os achados do presente estudo mostram altos níveis de sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e estresse em estudantes de medicina, com diferenças marcantes nos diferentes semestres do curso. Fatores como gênero e religiosidade parecem influenciar a saúde mental dos estudantes de medicina.

Stress, coping and adherence to immunosuppressive medications in kidney transplantation: a comparative study / Estresse, coping e aderência a medicamentos imunossupressores em transplante renal: um estudo comparativo

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE : Adherence to medication is a key issue relating to outcomes from transplantation and it is influenced by several factors, such as stress and coping strategies. However, these factors have been poorly explored. We aimed to compare stress and coping strategies between adherent and nonadherent renal transplant recipients who were receiving immunosuppression. DESIGN AND SETTING : We conducted a comparative, cross-sectional and observational study at a university-based transplantation clinic in Juiz de Fora, Brazil. METHODS :Fifty patients were recruited and classified as adherent or nonadherent following administration of the Basel Assessment of Adherence to Immunosuppressive Medications Scale. Stress was evaluated using the Lipp Stress Symptom Inventory for Adults and coping strategies were assessed using the Ways of Coping Scale. RESULTS : The study included 25 nonadherent patients and 25 controls with a mean age of 44.1 ± 12.8 years and median post-transplantation time of 71.8 months. Stress was present in 50% of the patients. Through simple logistic regression, nonadherence was correlated with palliative coping (OR 3.4; CI: 1.02-11.47; P < 0.05) and had a marginal trend toward significance with more advanced phases of stress (OR 4.7; CI: 0.99-22.51; P = 0.053). CONCLUSION :Stress and coping strategies may have implications for understanding and managing nonadherent behavior among transplantation patients and should be considered among the strategies for reducing nonadherence.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO :Aderência à medicação é uma questão chave para o resultado do transplante e é influenciada por diversos fatores, tais como o estresse e estratégias de enfrentamento ou coping . Entretanto, esses aspectos têm sido pouco explorados. Compararmos o estresse e as estratégias de coping em paciente transplantados renais, aderentes e não aderentes, em uso de imunossupressores. TIPO DE ESTUDOE LOCAL : Realizamos estudo comparativo, transversal e observacional em uma clínica universitária de transplantes em Juiz de Fora, Brasil. MÉTODO :Cinquenta pacientes foram selecionados e classificados como aderentes e não aderentes a partir da escala Basel Assessment of Adherence to Immunosuppressive Medications Scale. O estresse foi avaliado pelo Inventário de Sintomas de Estresse para Adulto de Lipp e as estratégias de coping foram avaliadas pela escala Escala de Modos de Enfrentamento de Problemas. RESULTADOS : O estudo inclui 25 pacientes não aderentes e 25 controles com idade média de 44,1 ± 12,8 anos e mediana de tempo de transplante de 71,8 meses. Estresse esteve presente em 50% dos pacientes. Por regressão linear simples, a não aderência foi associada com o coping paliativo (OR 3,4, CI: 1,02-11,47; P < 0,05) e teve uma tendência marginal a significância com as fases mais avançadas do estresse (OR 4,7, CI: 0,99-22,51; P = 0,053). CONCLUSÃO : Estresse e estratégias de coping podem trazer implicações na compreensão e manejo do comportamento de não aderência dos pacientes transplantados e deveriam ser considerados nas estratégias na redução da não aderência.

Frontal electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and mediumship: a comparative study between spiritist mediums and controls

Abstract Mediumship and spirit possession are cultural phenomena found worldwide. The Spiritism, popular in Brazil, is a religious tradition that emphasizes mediumship. The "absorption hypothesis" (the association of marked increases in focused attention with concomitant decreases in self-awareness) is one of the neuropsychological explanatory theories for these experiences. We measured electroencephalographic (EEG) spectral power in frontal electrodes within theta, alpha and beta bandwidths, as well as cross-regional cortical coherences, in female Spiritist experienced mediums (n = 10) and in female non-medium control subjects from the same religious context (n = 10). Scalp EEG signals were captured simultaneously from participants in each of the two groups in three different moments: before, during and immediately after mediumistically speaking. Compared to non-medium controls, the mediums had greater beta power on some electrodes in all phases of the experiment, greater theta power on one electrode at the communication phase and greater alpha power on one electrode at the post-communication phase. No condition effects (within-group comparisons) were detected in any group. No group effects were noted for cross regional cortical coherences. No ictal EEG pattern was observed, except for one participant in the mediums group. These findings support the hypothesis that absorption could have a mechanistic role in anomalous sensorial experiences such as mediumship. The coherence pattern in mediums during the anomalous experience differed from prior studies on pathological dissociation and on hypnotic states. Cognitive control processes seem to be engaged during the anomalous sensorial experiences.

Brazilian scientific articles on "Spirituality, Religion and Health"

Abstract Background Studies on "Spirituality, religion and health"(R/S) have been increasing worldwide, including in Brazil. Mapping this production can help researchers to understand this field and also to identify gaps in the Brazilian R/S studies. Objective To analyze the Brazilian scientific articles on "Religion, Spirituality and Health&" available on the main electronic databases using a bibliometric approach. Methods A comprehensive review of four major databases (PubMed, Scopus, BVS and Web of Science) was conducted. Three reviewers performed the data analysis. Off-topic articles, articles from Portugal, books and thesis were excluded. Articles were then classified by: Publication year, journal, Central focus in R/S, Academic Area, Main topic and Study Type. Results From 3,963 articles found, 686 studies were included in the final analysis (320 had central focus on R/S). There was an increase of articles in the last decade (most observational), with predominance of mental health issues, and from journals in the field of psychiatry, public health and nursing. Discussion This study enabled us to widen our understanding about how the field of "spirituality, religion and health" has been established and how this field is increasing in Brazil. These findings can help in the development of future Brazilian studies.

Mediumship: review of quantitatives studies published in the 21st century

Abstract Background Mediumship can be defined as the alleged ability to communicate with deceased persons. The last decade has been particularly productive for this field of research and the study of mediumship can help the understanding of the human mind-brain relationship and provide objective data to the scientific community and to the general population. Objective The aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the results found on recent studies investigating mediumship. Furthermore, we aim to discuss the psychophysiology underlying mediumship and future perspectives for this study topic. Methods A literature search for articles in English, Portuguese and Spanish published from January 2000 up to June 2015 was conducted using three electronic databases (PubMed, Lilacs and Web of Science). Review articles, qualitative studies and studies investigating altered states of consciousness caused by psychoactive substances were excluded. The original search returned 150 articles, but the application of exclusion criteria resulted in the inclusion of 19 articles for final analysis. Results The general findings were: (1) an association of mediumship with good mental health, predominantly in experienced mediums, (2) heterogeneous findings regarding the ability of mediums to provide accurate information what may be due to different study methodologies and (3) incipient studies assessing physiological correlations during mediumistic communications (i.e. hypoactivation of brain regions responsible for cognitive processing and writing planning during psychography compared to a control task; electroencephalographic (EEG) changes and a slight predominance of the sympathetic nervous system). Discussion There is a paucity of empirical data available in this controversial research field. New studies employing rigorous design (e.g.triple-blind protocols to test accuracy of mediumistic communications), and sensitive methods are required.

Analysis of the changes and difficulties arising from kidney transplantation: a qualitative study / Análise das mudanças e dificuldades advindas após o transplante renal: uma pesquisa qualitativa / Análisis de los cambios y dificultades surgidas después del trasplante renal: una investigación cualitativa

to identify the main gains and stressors perceived by the patient, one year subsequent to kidney transplantation.

identificar os principais ganhos e estressores percebidos pelo paciente, após um ano de transplante renal.

identificar las principales ganancias y estresores percibidos por el paciente, después de un año de trasplante renal.

Mercado de trabalho médico no estado de São Paulo: análise das ofertas de empregos contidas no site "Banco de Empregos Médicos" / Medical job market in the state of São Paulo: investigation of job proposals in the site "Banco de Empregos Médicos"

OBJETIVO: A dicotomia entre facilidade de obtenção de emprego/remuneração e más condições de trabalho/extensas jornadas pode influenciar no trabalho médico. Objetiva-se com o presente estudo avaliar o mercado médico em São Paulo, traçando-se um panorama da realidade atual das ofertas de empregos médicos, assim como as características de cada vaga entre as diferentes especialidades médicas. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas as propostas de empregos para as especialidades de clínica médica, medicina de família, medicina do trabalho, ginecologia/ obstetrícia, cirurgia geral e pediatria vinculadas no Banco de Empregos Médicos no período de 5 de setembro a 5 de dezembro de 2011. Por meio de regressão logística, as especialidades foram comparadas quanto ao número de ofertas e vagas, tipo de vínculo empregatício, tipo de serviço, local de atuação, base salarial e benefícios. RESULTADOS: A clínica médica possui maior número de ofertas de emprego e menor número de especialistas por vaga. Em contrapartida, possui menores benefícios que a medicina de família, a medicina do trabalho, a pediatria e a ginecologia/obstetrícia, além de um menor vínculo empregatício (Consolidação das Leis de Trabalho (CLT) ou concurso) quando comparada com a medicina de família e a medicina do trabalho. CONCLUSÃO: O mercado médico no estado de São Paulo é muito heterogêneo e as ofertas e vagas de emprego dependem do tipo de especialidade oferecida. A relação médico- empregador pode oferecer subsídios para a compreensão do impacto das condições do trabalho na saúde do médico...

OBJECTIVE: The dichotomy between job acquisition/ remuneration and bad working conditions/long working hours could have an influence on the medical job. The present study aims to evaluate the medical job market in the state of São Paulo, Brazil and highlight the reality of job places, as well as, job characteristics between different medical specialties. METHODS: We analyzed all job proposals displayed in "Banco de Empregos Médicos" between September 5th and December 5th, 2011 for the following medical specialties: internal medicine, family medicine, occupational medicine, gynecology/ obstetrics, surgery and pediatrics. Using a logistic regression, all specialties were compared by the number of proposals/ places, employment relationship, setting, salary and additional benefits. RESULTS: Internal medicine had the highest number of job proposals and lowest medicine specialists/job place rate. Nevertheless, this specialty offered less job benefits than family medicine, occupational medicine, pediatrics and gynecology/ obstetrics. In addition, internal medicine had less registered workers (CLT (in Portuguese Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho) regime or government employment) than family medicine and occupational medicine. CONCLUSION: The medical job market in the state of São Paulo is very heterogeneous, and the job proposals and working places depend on the type of specialty chosen. The relation between employers and medical employees could offer additional information to understand the impact of job conditions in physicians' health...